The Covid-19 pandemic and war in the Ukraine have demonstrated how suddenly life can be disrupted and also how dramatically entrepreneurial action can make a difference. The world's biggest problems are looking for new organizational and operational models that combine the advantages of business, government, and NGOs and can deliver effective responses. This course looks beyond entrepreneurship in profit motivated industries such as technology and financial services to the more complicated challenge of achieving social and policy objectives through entrepreneurial action.

This course discusses the use of Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) for climate policy and energy research. The course gives an overview of two types of IAMs: detailed process IAMs that evaluate how mitigation options and technology choices influence regional emissions and global climate; and benefit-cost IAMs that estimate the social cost of carbon or the optimal emission trajectory to maximize global welfare. The course then dives into one detailed process IAM, the Global Change Analysis Model, to demonstrate how IAMs have been applied to examine climate policy choice and impacts, air quality and health co-benefits, etc.

The dynamics of the emergence and spread of disease arise from a complex interplay between disease ecology, economics, and human behavior. Lectures will provide an introduction to complementarities between economic and epidemiological approaches to understanding the emergence, spread, and control of infectious diseases. The course will cover topics such as drug-resistance in bacterial and parasitic infections, individual incentives to vaccinate, the role of information in the transmission of infectious diseases, and the evolution of social norms in healthcare practices.

This course explores fundamental issues in health policy in the global and domestic context. Through lectures, discussion, and case studies, we will examine interdisciplinary frameworks and methods for addressing challenges in public health. We will explore the complex interactions and tradeoffs in policy interventions to improve health; the role of various stakeholders in health care systems; and the social, economic, and political constraints affecting health policy. Students will gain foundational knowledge surrounding the global burden of disease and strategic skills to assess and influence health policy.

An introduction to the institutions and political processes of American government and democracy. Topics will include the Constitution and American political tradition, federalism, political institutions, elections and representation, interest groups and social movements, civil rights and liberties, and the politics of public policy.

Why do states exist? Why are some democracies, and others autocracies? And why are some countries rich, while others are poor? This course introduces students to the study of domestic politics of other countries, or comparative politics, by focusing on topics such as economic development, democratization and regime change, political institutions, income redistribution, and political representation. Readings on Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas are used to provide an introduction to politics in different regions of the world and to show how cross-national comparisons provide insight into contemporary political outcomes.

Would universal health insurance improve the health of the poor? Do patterns of arrests in US cities show evidence of racial profiling? What accounts for who votes and their choice of candidates? This course will teach students how to address these and other social science questions by analyzing quantitative data. The course introduces basic principles of statistical inference and programming skills for data analysis. The goal is to provide students with the foundation necessary to analyze data in their own research and to become critical consumers of statistical claims made in the news media, in policy reports, and in academic research.

This course provides an overview of China's political system. We will begin with a brief historical overview of China's political development from 1949 to the present. The remainder of the course will examine the key challenges facing the current generation of CCP leadership, focusing on prospects for democratization and political reform. Among other topics, we will examine: factionalism and political purges; corruption; avenues for political participation; village elections; public opinion; protest movements and dissidents; co-optation of the business class; and media and internet control.

Why do states and peoples go to war? Conversely, how can war be avoided? This course surveys some of the most important explanations--including human nature, the anarchic international system, domestic politics, economics, technology, nationalism and terrorism--and evaluates them in light of historical wars, and of crises resolved short of war. Cases include the Peloponnesian War, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, World War II, the Cuban missile crisis, ex-Yugoslavia's wars, and Russia's current war against Ukraine.

This course covers recent research on the role of political institutions (macro and micro) in economic development. We first introduce the concept of political distortions (e.g., patronage and state capture) that allow those in power to distort market competition and public investments. We then provide a wide range of reforms that may curb such distortions and improve democratic governance. This includes campaign finance laws, improvement in government transparency, bureaucratic reforms, and public deliberation. The course will be imbedded in the activities of the Institutional Experimentation Lab (IEL) of the Department of Politics.

An introduction to the social bases of American politics and the political forces in the shaping of American society. This year's class will focus on racial, gender, and class divisions in contemporary America.

Does where you live determine your destiny? This seminar will engage students in a rich dialogue about these questions and more, drawing from the best social science evidence to date from the social sciences. In the first half of the course, we will consider research conducted on neighborhood-level (census tract) differences in big cities. In the second half, we will consider research focusing on differences between communities across the entire U.S., including rural America. Student presentations are a significant part of this course.

Course provides an introduction to public policy, concepts, tools, and applications. SPI 298 takes on questions such as: What is policy and who makes it? What are the major elements of policy? What tools and methods are used in policy design and analysis? What are examples of the range of policy challenges and solutions? Policy topics may include: poverty, housing, war, economic development, inequity and inequality, workers rights, child health, opioids, immigration, civil rights and democracy. Policy design tools include system mapping, stakeholders, power types and relationships, implementation, and unintended consequences.

SPI 299 is an introductory coordinating workshop for SPIA juniors who are beginning the two-year sequence to fulfill their junior paper and senior thesis independent research requirements. This workshop provides an introduction to the resources and support available to undergraduate researchers, background guidance and instruction helpful for conducting research, and a forum to practice and further develop the skills needed to engage successfully in independent research.

The junior policy research seminar serves to introduce departmental majors to the tools, methods, and interpretations employed in policy research and writing. Students may choose from a range of topics.

In policy seminars students work in groups first formulating the general problem, then engaging in individual research on subtopics, and finally presenting their inferences for discussion and debate and producing a collective policy report.

This course focuses on less developed countries. Covered topics include economic growth; economic inequality, poverty and personal well-being; the role of foreign aid; credit markets access and microfinance institutions; population change, determinants of fertility, and gender inequality; health and education provision, and labor markets. The course tackles these issues both theoretically and empirically.

Course introduces use of economics in understanding both the sources of and the remedies to environmental and resource allocation problems. It emphasizes the reoccurrence of economic phenomena like public goods, externalities, market failure and imperfect information. Students learn about the design and evaluation of environmental policy instruments, the political economy of environmental policy, and the valuation of environmental and natural resource services. These concepts are illustrated in a variety of applications from domestic pollution of air, water and land to international issues such as global warming and sustainable development.

As the economy shifts, who wins and who loses? This seminar, taught by a top NPR editor, will arm students with critical skills to analyze and write with clarity about the role economics plays in shaping our lives. From everyday decisions like who to date, where to travel, or what to buy, the economy also impacts us in significant ways over time, depending on our race, gender or class. Students will learn to synthesize complex ideas and also how to frame, structure and write clearly and concisely.

This course will review and analyze the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to the present. It will emphasize Beijing's relations with the US as well as examine its dealings with the USSR, Asia and the developing world. It will explore the changes and continuities in the PRC's foreign policy during three periods; 1) the era of Mao Zedong's dominance, 2) the reform era begun under Deng Xiaoping and 3) the turn back toward authoritarianism since the advent of Xi Jinping.

This course will familiarize students with the practical aspects of policy formulation and implementation that pertain to current public policy issues in the Middle East. The primary focus will be on the challenges associated with improving governance at the national and sectoral levels. It will also examine effective national strategies for capacity-building, rehabilitation, and economic development against the backdrop of strained social contracts.

To understand American inequality, politics, history, and cities, it is necessary to understand American violence. This course is a mix of criminology, public policy, sociology, and urban history. We'll cover ideas about how to explain violence, moving from theories that focus on individuals to focus on neighborhoods, policing, guns & culture. We'll think about how to explain trends in violence, focusing on the declining violence in the 90s to the recent rise of gun violence since 2020. We'll think about ways cities can respond to violence, from street lighting to summer jobs to hot spot policing & consider the impact & consequences of each.

Analyzes the historical construction of race as a concept in American society, how and why this concept was institutionalized publicly and privately in various arenas of U.S. public life at different historical junctures, and the progress that has been made in dismantling racialized institutions since the civil rights era.

An introduction to the main issues and research findings underlying decision-making and judgment under uncertainty. The focus is on the contrast between the normative theory of judgment and choice, and the psychological principles that guide decision behavior, often producing biases and errors. Among other topics, we will consider political, medical, and financial decision-making, poverty, negotiations, and the law, along with the implications of the findings for the rational agent model typically assumed in economics, throughout the social sciences, and in policy making.

This course examines the implications of AI, particularly foundation models, for law and public policy. Topics will include how AI affects and reshapes legal doctrine and policy, including: intellectual property law, administrative law, anti-discrimination law, and more. Also covered will be emerging regulatory policies and legislative efforts around AI, as well as the limits of proposed approaches. Emphasis will be placed juxtaposing the legal and policy considerations with technical design decisions, in an interdisciplinary and accessible way. This course is suitable for students of all backgrounds; no technical knowledge is assumed.

This course provides students with a basic technical understanding of the science and technology relevant to current and emerging national and global security issues. Topics covered in this course include nuclear weapons, biotechnology and biosecurity, delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction, cyberwarfare, global surveillance, quantum technologies, and artificial intelligence. Throughout the semester, students work in small teams on in-depth case studies exploring a current or emerging global-security issue and combining both technical and policy analysis.

How do we solve the social dilemmas posed by new technologies like AI? What would it mean to engineer a self-driving car or facial recognition algorithm for good? To regulate them for good? We will look at ethical theories and apply them to these questions, and more: how recommender algorithms change social networks; the meaning of "free speech" in networked environments; algorithms that exacerbate racial or gender discrimination; the debate over LLM consciousness; whether AI will become a threat to humans; how machine learning in the health sector affects privacy; and what it means to be an ethical engineer in a corporate environment.

How do we evaluate whether a particular public policy is good or bad? Which goals should public policies serve? From Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) to the World Health Organization's pandemic treaty, public policies cannot be properly understood without exploring the political and moral values that underpin them. This course asks what it means to think ethically about public policies. Each week, it introduces a domestic or international public policy, pairing it with relevant scholarship in ethics to better understand what is at stake. Students are invited to consider how they would improve or replace the policies in question.

For the first time, most people now live in cities. One in seven humans lives in an urban slum. We analyze the political, economic, and social dynamics that both create and arise from urbanization, informality, and attempts to govern our contemporary urban world. We ask how formal and informal institutions change inequalities of shelter, work, race, and other social identities, across urban space. We investigate the links between the processes of urbanization and climate change, and how they shape the politics of cities. We draw from cases across the globe and the US, along with a range of social science methods and theoretical perspectives.

This course offers an overview of Latin America's political and economic development issues. Understanding the region's challenges from institutions to infrastructure, from inequality to insecurity, from poverty to social development, will provide a broad perspective. Also analyzing successful policies inside the region or in other parts of the world, contributes to discuss areas of enhancement: institutions, human capital, competitiveness, investment, equality, and stability among others. In addition, the course intends to explore history and renewed opportunities in the relationship between the US and Latin America.

In both wealthy and low and middle income countries, the most disadvantaged people in societies are more likely to be exposed to health threats and more likely to suffer the consequences of those threats. We see evidence and the consequences of health inequities across countries and within them, and across socioeconomic, gender, racial and ethnic groups. In this course, we consider differences in the burden of disease and explore the myriad reasons for these differences. We also examine how the structure of health systems and health services, and the ways these are resourced, can exacerbate inequities.

This course takes a closer look at the debate surrounding the issues of the role of morality and values in U.S. foreign policy from a historical, intellectual, and practical viewpoint. When, how, and why did various U.S. administrations come to emphasize notion of morality as a central dimension of their foreign policy? Have the strategies they have carried out to that end reinforced or detracted from U.S. national interests?

Writing well matters. It can play a key role in the circulation and targeting of ideas in society and can also have a direct impact on the development and health of a democracy. This course will take as its starting point the value of good writing and the social context in which it is embedded. We will look at process and practice and examine issues of impact. We will look at a variety of forms, including press releases, long form works, and investigative pieces that can lead to shifts in policy. We will also explore how the art of speechwriting and rhetoric can be used to persuade and galvanize audiences.

This course offers an experiential examination of conflict resolution theory and practice including negotiation, mediation, and restorative justice. It will focus on an analysis of the impact of emotion, power, culture and other factors on conflict escalation, de-escalation and resolution. Students will learn skills through interactive exercises and simulations.

The course examines the history of financial innovation and its consequences. It examines the evolution of trading practices, bills of exchange, government bonds, equities, banking activity, derivatives markets, and securitization. How do these evolve in particular state or national settings, how are the practices regulated, how do they relate to broader development? What happens as financial instruments are traded across state boundaries, and how does an international financial order evolve? What are the effects of international capital mobility? How is resulting conflict and instability managed, on both a national and international level?

The Policy Advocacy Clinic provides a unique offering for students to learn about and participate in the policymaking process. This one-year, two semester course includes two core components: a fall semester academic seminar where students study the policymaking process and a spring semester Policy Task Force where students engage in active campaigns to advance public policy. Topics will cover both the academic and practical, ranging from studying public policy theories, the legislative process and administrative law to developing the skills needed to engage in policy analysis, campaign planning, and power-mapping.

The world today is increasingly understood to be multipolar. The United States is still the world's superpower, but there are plenty of other significant powers that matter. What does the world look like from their perspective? The goal of the class will be to engender a more global perspective on the world with a better understanding of the motives behind the foreign policies of key governments from all regions. Each week, we will study a different country or group of countries.

National security secrecy presents a conflict of core values: self-government and self-defense. We need information to hold our leaders accountable, but if we know our enemies know too. This course explores that dilemma and the complex relationships that resolve it. Beginning with the traditional rubric of "government versus press," the course maps an increasingly fragmented information marketplace. We will apply competing legal and philosophical models to real-world cases of unauthorized disclosure. Among the subjects: weapons of mass destruction, the "war on terror," the Snowden surveillance disclosures, torture and Wikileaks.

An analysis of the forces that shape the behavior of public organizations and individuals in organizational settings. The emphasis is on the workings of U.S. governmental agencies. Special attention is given to writing skills as they apply to the roles of advisers and decision makers in public-sector organizations.

Formal organizations are key to understanding most facets of modern life. This course examines organizations as complex social systems, which reflect and shape their broader social environments. The first half explores why organizations look and act the way they do: Why are they so bureaucratic? How do they influence one another? Why are they so often resistant to change? The second half of the course focuses on the consequences of organizational practices: How do they shape work, inequality and diversity? How do they mediate the effects of public policies? How do they become instruments of political change?

Statistical analysis with applications to public policy, begins with an introduction to probability theory followed by discussion of statistical methods for estimating the quantitative effects of changes in policy variables. Regression methods appropriate for the analysis of observational data and data from randomized controlled experiments are stressed. By the end of the course students are able to do their own empirical analysis using statistical software package, interpret regression results and competently assess the work of others. The course assumes a fluency in high school algebra.

Statistical analysis with applications to public policy, begins with an introduction to probability theory followed by discussion of statistical methods for estimating the quantitative effects of changes in policy variables. Regression methods appropriate for the analysis of observational data & data from randomized controlled experiments are stressed. By course end, students are able to do their own empirical analysis using statistical software package & interpret regression results from the professional literature. The course assumes fluency in calculus, which is necessary for rigorous mathematical analysis of probability & statistics.

This course presents concepts and tools from microeconomic theory with an emphasis on how they are applied to public policy analysis. No previous experience in economics required although students should be familiar with basic concepts in calculus. A strong understanding of algebra is a prerequisite.

This course is an introduction to the use of microeconomics for the analysis of public policy on an advanced level. The emphasis is on both the intuitive and formal logic of economic principles, a deeper perspective on the impacts of typical policy measures, and an introduction to the use of professional microeconomic tools to assess and weigh these policy impacts. One goal is to move students towards the ability to read professional microeconomic literature with appreciation of both its contributions and foibles.

This course introduces students to evaluation. It explores ways to develop and implement research-based program improvement strategies and program accountability systems; to judge the effects of policies and programs; and to assess the benefits and costs of policy or program changes. Students study a wide range of evaluation tools; read and discuss both domestic and international evaluation examples and apply this knowledge by designing several different types of evaluations on programs of their choosing.

An introduction to the political analysis of policy making in the American setting. The course includes theoretical and empirical analyses of political institutions, including executives, legislatures, and bureaucracies. It also examines the political environment in which these institutions operate, with special attention given to the role of public opinion, interest groups, and elections.

Big data, social media, the internet; digital technology, is changing the nature of government and leadership in democratic societies. This course introduces students of government to the ramifications of digital technology, and its technical concepts and infrastructure. This course emphasizes how the changing technological landscape can drive performance improvement and innovation in government. We discuss what digital technology means for leaders in the public sector, and how its potential can be better used to serve the public. The course relies on the case study method.

This seminar provides a survey of trends in U.S. poverty and how public policy has responded over time. Examines the range of benefits and services that comprise the social safety net, including refundable tax credits, housing subsidies, nutrition programs, cash assistance, and Social Security benefits. Also reviews past and current debates over the effectiveness of these programs, with a particular focus on welfare reform.

This course used historical analysis to evaluate why some presidents have been considered to be among the most effective leaders and why others have left a legacy of failure. We focus on the twentieth century, from Nixon to Biden, for our case studies. The seminar evaluates social scientific models of leadership and delves into the historical record to discover any consistent patterns that are relevant for today. Careful consideration is given to the distinct challenges posed by different institutional and political settings. The course also explores the ways in which historical analysis can be useful to policymaking.

This course focuses on the causes, consequences, and responses to urban inequality. The course is organized in four parts. First, we consider how one comes to learn about and understand cities and neighborhoods. Second, we review classic and current ideas about how urbanization affects the way we live and interact with each other. Third, we assess various explanations for urban inequality. Fourth, we focus our attention on central problems and challenges of urban life, from segregation to violence, and consider policy responses.

This course introduces competing theories of international relations and evaluates their explanation of foreign policy decisions and general patterns in international relations over the last century. Broadly covering security policy and international political economy, topics include the causes of war, the role of international organizations to promote cooperation, and the interaction between domestic actors and governments in negotiations on trade and the environment.

Survey course in international economics for non-specialists. The first half covers microeconomic topics such as trade theory and policy, multilateral trade negotiations and regional economic integration. The second half addresses macroeconomic topics such as current account imbalances, exchange rates, and international financial crises. The course stresses concepts and real-world applications rather than formal models.

This course offers a comparative look at the making of policy and its implementation through diplomacy in the global arena. It explores concepts concerning national interest, ethics, negotiation, decision making, strategic design, & crisis management; and it applies those concepts via case studies in diplomacy, development assistance, peacekeeping, security policy, & transnational advocacy movements. Students learn not only to analyze but also to implement policy: it employs an action-oriented approach that obliges students to react as a policy-maker would and thus gain a better appreciation of how and why states & leaders act as they do.

The field of Security Studies is distinguished by its focus on a clearly delineated set of intellectual and practical problems. This course serves as the required gateway for all students entering the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs.

This course provides students with an intensive overview of the rapidly evolving geopolitical, economic, and ideological rivalry between the world's two most powerful states: the United States and China. The course is intended both for masters students intending to pursue careers in the analysis, formulation, and execution of public policy, and for PhD candidates, many of whom are involved in research and teaching.

This course addresses one of the major political challenges of our times: the rise of radical-right populism and its impact on international affairs. Over the past generation, more scholarship, political analysis, and journalism has been devoted to radical-right parties than all other parties combined. The course addresses the rise of right-wing parties, its sources of support and domestic political effects. We turn then to the concrete impact on foreign policy of advanced democracies, which varies greatly across both countries and issues.

Analysis of political change and the operation of political institutions in the development process, with emphasis on the interaction of political and economic factors. Various definitions and theories of political development are examined and tested against different economic, ethnic, geographic, and social contexts.

This course considers theories and evidence to explain processes of economic development. The course examines theories of economic growth, and the two-way links between development and poverty, inequality, social institutions, and the family. We also examine policy debates on education, health, and social policy, and governmental and international aid.

This seminar explores important factors facing the field of global health today, as well as policy actions to address these factors. It examines demographic changes and rapid urbanization, climate change and its implications for global health, the increased importance of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries, the rise of social media and misinformation/disinformation, new health risk factors such as antimicrobial resistance, and the increased prominence of humanitarian emergencies due to conflicts, natural disasters, pandemics and other disease outbreaks.

We explore the impact of international, national and subnational political institutions on firms' and investors' strategies. Political institutions, including trade and investment agreements; democratic or non-democratic governance structures; and national labor and environmental regulations affect business strategy decisions. Political events, especially elections and mass protest and demonstrations, also can heighten political risk. We draw on research to consider how business leaders assess risk at the firm- and country-level, and to evaluate how governments that want to attract or retain investment seek to ameliorate political risk.

This course's goal is to provide an introduction to labor economics and the implications for law & public policy. It's intended to bridge what has been learned in micro-economics & econometrics and the use of these tools in practice. Given that policy makers, judges & the juries who decide the outcome of cases in the USA do not typically have technical training, one of the goals of the course is to explore ways to communicate the many advances in labor economics to a wider audience. The course provides students with tips on how to critically evaluate economic research so that they may identify work that can result in effective policy.

Examines the economics behind many issues related to energy use, including the investment and use of renewable and non-renewable resources, energy conservation, deregulation of energy markets, transportation, and energy independence. Current policy options are discussed.

Why are cities particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change? What role can cities play in reducing global warming?We discover how cities and urbanization have been understood in relationship to a warming world in public policy and the social sciences. This includes a focus on the causes and consequences of climate change on cities, including strategies for adaptation and mitigation. We analyze the governing institutions (global, national, and local), policies, movements, and financial architectures that shape how cities address climate change today. This course has a transnational scope, across the Global North and Global South.

This course explores the impacts of & societal responses to climate hazards. Drawing on case studies, students interrogate relationships among extreme events, human behavior, disaster management, public policy, technology, and social inequality to deconstruct what makes people and places vulnerable to hazards. By the end of the course, students should be able to identify the leading environmental and policy drivers of societal vulnerability to hazards and understand how natural & societal processes interact to create disasters. They also learn about public data sources & applying analytical tools used in disaster risk reduction.

This Policy Workshop will develop a feasible missing middle housing initiative for New Jersey, including an advocacy, legislative, and implementation strategy.

This Policy Workshop will examine behavioral insights for policy.

Saudi Arabia is working to diversify its economy and reduce oil dependence to achieve Vision 2030, an ambitious roadmap to transform the Kingdom for the twenty-first century. Saudi Arabia is a key player in achieving regional security and peace in the Middle East and the geopolitical decisions made by the Kingdom in the coming months and years will determine the long-term stability in the region and have far reaching implications on U.S. foreign policy and the international order. This workshop works with a client to produce a comprehensive report evaluating economic diversification in Saudi Arabia.

This Policy Workshop will examine public education in Puerto Rico.

The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (ACA) was the defining and polarizing law of the Obama era. While its provisions to expand health insurance coverage, control costs, and improve the health care delivery system have made measurable improvements in the health care system and the experience of consumers, many challenges remain with the law and its structure. The workshop focuses on the policy, operational and political challenges of the ACA and future coverage and delivery system reforms. A core focus is the role that states play in the management of their health care systems.

Geopolitical competition with China has emerged as the most significant security issue of the 21st century. Emerging technologies, like AI, semiconductors, biotech, and green tech, are at the heart of this competition. In a major shift, the U.S. declared it aims to maintain ¿as large a lead as possible¿ over China, rather than a relative lead. The U.S. will only be able to achieve this goal through sustained policy efforts at home and unprecedented cooperation with likeminded partners around the world. This Workshop develops recommendations for the United States' international strategy on China-related security & technology policy issues.

This policy workshop engages two of the defining phenomena of the 21st century: rapid urbanization and climate change. Both present enormous challenges to policymakers from the global to the local urban scale, particularly those located in developing countries. The relationship between cities and the environment is complex cities, as engines of economic growth, contribute to worsening climate outcomes through the exploitation of natural resources and industrial production. The policy workshop focuses on urban climate policy, with a primary interest in bolstering adaptation, resilience, and finance initiatives.

This course explores the emergence and consequences of global systemic risk, particularly in the governance of global flows of money, goods, and people. We focus on networks and complex adaptive systems as useful frames for studying globalization. We discuss standard theories of globalization and how these miss critical systemic attributes. We translate much of the debate about globalization into a broad map of interconnected networks. Case studies include the networked structure of global supply chains, the epidemiological considerations that emerge from increased international migration, and the global problems of climate change.

This course covers how the Federal budget process is supposed to work and how it actually does work. Topics include: (1) institutions, processes, and definitions; (2) history of budget outcomes; (3) the current state of the Federal budget process; (4) the role of uncertainty in budgeting; (4) the role of politics in budgeting; and (5) the budget's short- and long-term fiscal consequences.

This course is designed as a practical introduction to the use of computer mapping (Geographic Information systems) for policy analysis and decision-making. Students learn ArcGIS through examples of map applications. Students are expected to complete exercises and a final project applying GIS to a policy issue.

This course focuses on the opportunities, constraints and roles of women in an increasingly interdependent economy. The class combines readings from both developed and developing country settings. Topics include: dynamics of fertility and household formation; labor market institutions--types of contracts, wage gaps and discrimination; intra-household allocation of resources and cash transfers; women's migration; education, STEM and stereotypes; violence; political and property rights.

This course uses the lens of reproductive justice to examine policy and politics around reproduction and family formation in the United States. The course explores the social, historical and cultural forces that shape reproduction, focusing on how inequalities based on gender, sexuality, race and ethnicity, class, and citizenship structure and influence reproductive opportunities and experiences. Topics include contraception and abortion, childbirth and maternity care, adoption and family policy, reproductive technology, eugenics, the maternal mortality crisis, and the role of law, medicine and activism in shaping contemporary reproduction.

This course will provide background on the grassroots environmental justice (EJ) movement in the United States. This background will include information on the organizations and coalitions that are part of the movement; the relationships between the EJ movement and the environmental movement, government and academia; and the history of the EJ movement. With that grounding, several policy issues of importance to the EJ movement will be explored including cumulative impacts (multiple sources of pollution in a neighborhood), air pollution and climate change mitigation policy.

Designed to improve students' skill, confidence and judgment in use of science in policy applications. Using case studies, real-world examples, and in-class exercises, in the areas of atmospheric and energy policy, the emphasis is on preparing both non-scientists and scientists to use, understand, and critique science in environmental policy applications. Exercises are scaled to the student's background.

This course examines the historical and contemporary literature on international migration, the policies that enable or impede cross-national migration, and the consequences for the sending and receiving states as well as the migrants themselves. Drawing on contemporary international evidence, students will consider classical and contemporary theories of immigrant adaptation, language acculturation, and ethnic conflict from comparative international evidence.

This course is limited to students participating in the Scholars in the Nation's Service Initiative (SINSI) or an approved MPA middle year out. Enrolled students participate in one or more internships with a federal, state, or local government agency, non-governmental organization, or multilateral institution in the U.S. or overseas. The purpose is to provide a learning environment for students to use/develop quantitative and qualitative analytical skills in an active public policy setting, with oversight from Princeton University faculty and staff.