The dynamics of the emergence and spread of disease arise from a complex interplay between disease ecology, economics, and human behavior. Lectures will provide an introduction to complementarities between economic and epidemiological approaches to understanding the emergence, spread, and control of infectious diseases. The course will cover topics such as drug-resistance in bacterial and parasitic infections, individual incentives to vaccinate, the role of information in the transmission of infectious diseases, and the evolution of social norms in healthcare practices.

This course explores the fundamentals of health policy in the global and domestic context. We examine frameworks for understanding the challenges in global and U.S. health, using lecture, discussion, and activities to analyze the burden of disease and the role of multiple actors in our health care systems. Topics include infectious and noncommunicable diseases; maternal and child health; comparative systems of universal health care, and health care costs, financing, and delivery. We will investigate the complex interactions and tradeoffs in interventions to improve health, including the role of governments, NGOs, and the private sector.

This class views legal history broadly as the relationship between formal law, popular legal culture, state governance, and social change in the U.S., from the colonial period to the present. We will examine changing conceptions of rights, equality, justice, the public interest. We also will consider questions about the operation of law in U.S. history: How is law made? What do people expect from law? Who controls law? How did that change over time? These questions open up a rich, layered past in which the law was a source of authority that mediated social and political conflicts, even as those conflicts ultimately changed the law.

An introduction to the institutions and political processes of American government and democracy. Topics will include the Constitution and American political tradition, federalism, political institutions, elections and representation, interest groups and social movements, civil rights and liberties, and the politics of public policy.

This course introduces major theories of international relations, uses them to explain historical events from 10,000 BC to the present, and investigates contemporary policy issues such as human rights, terrorism, US foreign policy, climate change and global environmental regulation. The course also trains students how to write academic analyses, policy memos and media opinion pieces, thus preparing them for more specialized courses and research in international relations, as well as jobs in foreign policy.

Would universal health insurance improve the health of the poor? Do patterns of arrests in US cities show evidence of racial profiling? What accounts for who votes and their choice of candidates? This course will teach students how to address these and other social science questions by analyzing quantitative data. The course introduces basic principles of statistical inference and programming skills for data analysis. The goal is to provide students with the foundation necessary to analyze data in their own research and to become critical consumers of statistical claims made in the news media, in policy reports, and in academic research.

This course provides an overview of China's political system. We will begin with a brief historical overview of China's political development from 1949 to the present. The remainder of the course will examine the key challenges facing the current generation of CCP leadership, focusing on prospects for democratization and political reform. Among other topics, we will examine: factionalism and political purges; corruption; avenues for political participation; village elections; public opinion; protest movements and dissidents; co-optation of the business class; and media and internet control.

This course covers recent research on the role of political institutions (macro and micro) in economic development. We first introduce the concept of political distortions (e.g., patronage and state capture) that allow those in power to distort market competition and public investments. We then provide a wide range of reforms that may curb such distortions and improve democratic governance. This includes campaign finance laws, improvement in government transparency, bureaucratic reforms, and public deliberation. The course will be imbedded in the activities of the Institutional Experimentation Lab (IEL) of the Department of Politics.

This course introduces basic concepts of studying and practicing public policy. It is an introduction into SPIA and the many disciplines that make up its faculty, as well a wide range of policy issues: climate change, war, workers' rights, poverty, systemic inequities, food systems, and more. The course will familiarize students with the broader issues involved in analyzing, designing, and implementing public policy, introduce students to three approaches that policy makers use to design and evaluate policy, allowing students to apply these abstract notions to both policy debates and finding solutions.

This course focuses on less developed countries. Covered topics include economic growth; economic inequality, poverty and personal well-being; foreign aid; credit markets and microfinance; population change and gender inequality; health and education provision, and labor markets. The course tackles these issues both theoretically and empirically. Lectures will be live at the scheduled time. To allow students in different time zones to access the material, the lectures will be recorded in real time and posted for later viewing.

Course introduces use of economics in understanding both the sources of and the remedies to environmental and resource allocation problems. It emphasizes the reoccurrence of economic phenomena like public goods, externalities, market failure and imperfect information. Students learn about the design and evaluation of environmental policy instruments, the political economy of environmental policy, and the valuation of environmental and natural resource services. These concepts are illustrated in a variety of applications from domestic pollution of air, water and land to international issues such as global warming and sustainable development.

This course will review and analyze the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to the present. It will emphasize Beijing's relations with the US as well as examine its dealings with the USSR, Asia and the developing world. It will explore the changes and continuities in the PRC's foreign policy during three periods; 1) the era of Mao Zedong's dominance, 2) the reform era begun under Deng Xiaoping and 3) the turn back toward authoritarianism since the advent of Xi Jinping.

Introducing the study of political institutions as levers of conflict management in ethnically plural, post-conflict national states. Our attention will be focused on ongoing and historical cases of constitutional design. These states will be analyzed in terms of their paths toward democracy, the nature of their internal conflict, and the types of political institutions they have (or are adopting).

This course focuses on the problems of crime and violence in the United States, and considers how to confront these problems. The semester is organized into four parts: 1) How to think about and study the problems of crime and violence; 2) Ideas and theories explaining crime and violence; 3) The challenge of violence in the United States; and 4) Approaches to confronting violence. Over the course of the semester students will carry out a research project analyzing data and policy related to crime and violence.

Analyzes the historical construction of race as a concept in American society, how and why this concept was institutionalized publicly and privately in various arenas of U.S. public life at different historical junctures, and the progress that has been made in dismantling racialized institutions since the civil rights era.

An introduction to the main issues and research findings underlying decision-making and judgment under uncertainty. The focus is on the contrast between the normative theory of judgment and choice, and the psychological principles that guide decision behavior, often producing biases and errors. Among other topics, we will consider political, medical, and financial decision-making, poverty, negotiations, and the law, along with the implications of the findings for the rational agent model typically assumed in economics, throughout the social sciences, and in policy making.

This undergraduate lecture course examines the effects, response to, and legacies of pandemics in the past -- their short term and lasting impacts on government, civil liberties, trust in experts, ethnic and racial tensions, social inequalities, and global and local economies. The course uses insights from these past cases of world-changing pandemics (from the plague through influenza, polio, AIDS, and COVID) to inform our understanding of current social, political, and economic challenges. Analysis of the past is also used to inform policy discussions about planning for the future.

The course examines major moral controversies in public life and differing concepts of justice, the common good and civic virtues. It seeks to help students think and write about the ethical considerations that ought to shape public institutions and guide public authorities. These issues may include equal treatment of cultures and nations, justice in war, market regulation (incl. crypto), the virtues of citizens in a capitalist society, property rights, women's rights in developing countries, fairness in a world of digital technology, and cross-border migration.

This course will explore how women's rights activists, lawyers, and legal scholars have considered legal institutions and law to be arenas and resources for transforming women's lives and gender norms, identities, and roles. Since the early 1970s, feminist legal scholars and lawyers have challenged traditional understandings of law and the core civic values of freedom, justice, and equality. Others have questioned whether litigation-centered approaches to reform have harmed more than helped advance the goal of women's equality and liberation.

For the last 60 years, the United States has been engaged in a near-constant effort to reform American schools. In this course, we will make sense of competing explanations of educational performance and evaluate the possibilities for and barriers to improving American public schools and for reducing educational disparities by family socioeconomic status, race, and gender. In doing so, we will grapple with the challenges that researchers and practitioners face in evaluating educational policies.

In both wealthy and low and middle income countries, the most disadvantaged people in societies are more likely to be exposed to health threats and more likely to suffer the consequences of those threats. We see evidence and the consequences of health inequities across countries and within them, and across socioeconomic, gender, racial and ethnic groups. In this course, we consider differences in the burden of disease and explore the myriad reasons for these differences. We also examine how the structure of health systems and health services, and the ways these are resources, can exacerbate inequities.

This course is designed to describe the policies defining the provision of educational services with special attention to the context of the US and Latin America. The focus will be on policies that have implications for understanding inequality in education and income through the lens of economic theory of human capital. The course topics will include governance, accountability, choice, finance, and personnel policies for K-12 education, with a focus on the role of teachers; it will also briefly cover issues related to early childhood education and higher education. Class sessions are a mixture of lectures and student-led discussions.

In policy task forces, students work in groups of 8 to 10, first formulating the general problem, then engaging in individual research on subtopics, and finally presenting their inferences for discussion and debate and producing a collective policy report.

The junior policy research seminar serves to introduce departmental majors to the tools, methods, and interpretations employed in policy research and writing. Students may choose from a range of topics.

The course examines the history of financial innovation and its consequences. It examines the evolution of trading practices, bills of exchange, government bonds, equities, banking activity, derivatives markets, and securitization. How do these evolve in particular state or national settings, how are the practices regulated, how do they relate to broader development? What happens as financial instruments are traded across state boundaries, and how does an international financial order evolve? What are the effects of international capital mobility? How is resulting conflict and instability managed, on both a national and international level?

Special topics in security and sustainability will explore areas of policy related to conflict and cooperation, development, environment, climate and energy, science, technology and security as well as trade and financial policy both domestically and internationally.

For the first time, most people now live in cities. One in seven humans lives in an urban slum. We analyze the political, economic, and social dynamics that both create and arise from urbanization, informality, and attempts to govern our contemporary urban world. We ask how formal and informal institutions change inequalities of shelter, work, race, and other social identities, across urban space. We investigate the links between the processes of urbanization and climate change, and how they shape the politics of cities. We draw from cases across the globe, along with a range of social science methods and theoretical perspectives.

Special Topics in International Policy and Development will house courses related to policy and development specifically in regions outside of the US.

The Policy Advocacy Clinic provides a unique offering for students to learn about and participate in the policymaking process. This one-year, two semester experience includes two core components: a fall semester academic seminar, and a spring semester clinical program. Students in this seminar will study the policymaking process and learn how to turn social problems into policy solutions. Topics will cover both the academic and practical, ranging from studying public policy theories and structures, to developing the skills needed to engage in policy analysis, campaign planning, power-mapping, SWOT analysis, and the legislative process.

An analysis of the forces that shape the behavior of public organizations and individuals in organizational settings. The emphasis is on the workings of U.S. governmental agencies. Special attention is given to writing skills as they apply to the roles of advisers and decision makers in public-sector organizations.

This course applies management concepts and approaches to nonprofit organizations. The course emphasizes the challenges faced by managers of nonprofit organizations in this period of resource scarcity. It also examines the impact that the increasingly blurred boundaries between the nonprofit, public, and for-profit sectors are having on the management of nonprofits. Course materials integrate both theoretical and applied research and writing on this topic with cases based on the real world experience of managers.

Statistical analysis with applications to public policy, begins with an introduction to probability theory followed by discussion of statistical methods for estimating the quantitative effects of changes in policy variables. Regression methods appropriate for the analysis of observational data and data from randomized controlled experiments are stressed. By the end of the course students are able to do their own empirical analysis using statistical software package, interpret regression results and competently assess the work of others. The course assumes a fluency in high school algebra.

Statistical analysis with applications to public policy, begins with an introduction to probability theory followed by discussion of statistical methods for estimating the quantitative effects of changes in policy variables. Regression methods appropriate for the analysis of observational data & data from randomized controlled experiments are stressed. By course end, students are able to do their own empirical analysis using statistical software package & interpret regression results from the professional literature. The course assumes fluency in calculus, which is necessary for rigorous mathematical analysis of probability & statistics.

This course presents concepts and tools from microeconomic theory with an emphasis on how they are applied to public policy analysis. No previous experience in economics required although students should be familiar with basic concepts in calculus. A strong understanding of algebra is a prerequisite.

This course is an introduction to the use of microeconomics for the analysis of public policy on an advanced level. The emphasis is on both the intuitive and formal logic of economic principles, a deeper perspective on the impacts of typical policy measures, and an introduction to the use of professional microeconomic tools to assess and weigh these policy impacts. One goal is to move students towards the ability to read professional microeconomic literature with appreciation of both its contributions and foibles.

This course introduces students to evaluation. It explores ways to develop and implement research-based program improvement strategies and program accountability systems; to judge the effects of policies and programs; and to assess the benefits and costs of policy or program changes. Students study a wide range of evaluation tools; read and discuss both domestic and international evaluation examples and apply this knowledge by designing several different types of evaluations on programs of their choosing.

An introduction to the political analysis of policy making in the American setting. The course includes theoretical and empirical analyses of political institutions, including executives, legislatures, and bureaucracies. It also examines the political environment in which these institutions operate, with special attention given to the role of public opinion, interest groups, and elections.

Examines a series of major issues of policy designed to illustrate and develop skills in particularly important applications of microeconomics. Topics include education and training, the minimum wage, mandated benefits, affirmative action, the theory of public goods and externalities, and the basic theory of taxation. Prerequisite: 511b.

Big data, social media, the internet; digital technology, is changing the nature of government and leadership in democratic societies. This course introduces students of government to the ramifications of digital technology, and its technical concepts and infrastructure. This course emphasizes how the changing technological landscape can drive performance improvement and innovation in government. We discuss what digital technology means for leaders in the public sector, and how its potential can be better used to serve the public. The course relies on the case study method.

This course thinks about how to look at public questions through a values-based framework. Drawing from a broad range of readings, we consider what defines "moral" leadership, when a "leader" should act contrary to the will of the people, what to do if the law and justice are in conflict, how to weigh individual rights against the needs of the community, and more. This course is based on a seminar series Professor (and former Congressman) Edwards has taught for many elected officials including governors, members of Congress and Cabinet, mayors, state officials, and presidential candidates.

This course focuses on the causes, consequences, and responses to urban inequality. The course is organized in four parts. First, we consider how one comes to learn about and understand cities and neighborhoods. Second, we review classic and current ideas about how urbanization affects the way we live and interact with each other. Third, we assess various explanations for urban inequality. Fourth, we focus our attention on central problems and challenges of urban life, from segregation to violence, and consider policy responses.

This course introduces competing theories of international relations and evaluates their explanation of foreign policy decisions and general patterns in international relations over the last century. Broadly covering security policy and international political economy, topics include the causes of war, the role of international organizations to promote cooperation, and the interaction between domestic actors and governments in negotiations on trade and the environment.

Evaluates arguments for and against protection and adjustment assistance and considers topics chosen from the following: non-tariff barriers, dumping, embargo threats and trade warfare, and the political economy of trade policy formation. Special attention is given to trade problems of the less-developed countries, including North-South trade relations and commodity price stabilization. Prerequisite: 511c.

Examines the changing meaning of "national security" and the various policies and institutions through which states may seek to enhance it. Course emphasizes the formation and implementation of national security policy by the United States government.

The field of Security Studies is distinguished by its focus on a clearly delineated set of intellectual and practical problems. This course serves as the required gateway for all students entering the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs.

This course examines the politics of international financial institutions, with attention to the old-guard International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, and the African Development Bank, as well as new initiatives led by China, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. China's rise has altered the balance of global financial power. Meanwhile, the election of Donald Trump marked a distinct rupture in US engagement with the rest of the world. As we study these international dynamics, the course examines the domestic political motivations for (apparently) international affairs.

This course provides an overview of the uses of the military as an instrument of national power in the US, including an understanding of the size, scope, organization, function, and resources of the Department of Defense (DoD), the relationship between DoD and other Cabinet agencies in formulating and executing US policy, the defense budgeting process, and civil-military relations. It also reviews the trade-offs and planning considerations that affect the range and scope of operations the US military is postured to conduct, as well as factors that go into the determination of how many and what types of forces make up the US military.

With the Taliban takeover of power in Afghanistan in late 2021, the country entered yet another transition. While all agree it is desirable to outline a plan for putting the country on a path of healing and reconciliation, political stability and sustainable development, it is only realistic to assume that such a task will be difficult to pursue. It is urgent that we assess the needs of the people of Afghanistan. This seminar will attempt to assess those needs, and formulate policy recommendations on how to go about getting the requisite assistance and policy support in the context of the international boycott of the Taliban-led government.

This seminar examines the role of strategic intelligence in the making and implementation of national security policy, chiefly but not exclusively in the United States. The course is divided into four sections: strategy, intelligence, national security, and policy. We review the classic literature in this field, look at the evolution of the principal national security agencies, focus on the role of strategic intelligence, and explore relevant case studies. The final paper assignment is a case study in strategic intelligence or a scenario analysis of the kind pioneered in the National Intelligence Council's 'Global Trends' series.

Analysis of political change and the operation of political institutions in the development process, with emphasis on the interaction of political and economic factors. Various definitions and theories of political development are examined and tested against different economic, ethnic, geographic, and social contexts.

About well-being throughout the world, with focus on income and health. Explores what happened to poverty, inequality, and health, in the US, and internationally. Discusses conceptual foundations of national and global measures of inequality, poverty, and health; construction of measures, and extent to which they can be trusted; relationship between globalization, poverty, and health, historically and currently. Examines links between health and income, why poor people are less healthy and live less long than rich people.

This course addresses the ethics of development policies and practices. Topics addressed include: 1. What is ethics? Is ethics about the choices you make, the consequences of your actions, or the virtues you exhibit? 2. Global redistribution. How much do rich countries, and the people in them, owe to poor countries and poor people? 3. Effective altruism. 4. Human rights. How do large development organizations deal with human rights concerns? 5. GDP per capita v. the capabilities approach. 6. How should we talk about poverty, and what are the problems with how poor people, poor countries, and development are represented?

This course provides an overview of China's political system for graduate students. We begin with a brief historical overview of China's political development from 1949 to the present. We then examine the key challenges facing the current generation of CCP leadership, focusing on prospects for democratization and political reform. We also explore the following: factionalism and political purges, corruption, avenues for political participation, village elections, public opinion, protest movements and dissidents, co-optation of the business class, and the media and internet control.

Examines the economics behind many issues related to energy use, including the investment and use of renewable and non-renewable resources, energy conservation, deregulation of energy markets, transportation, and energy independence. Current policy options will be discussed.

This is a macro, international finance-oriented development course, which will focus on the political economy of policy decisions. It will cover the following themes: 1. GDP growth and volatility; 2. the size, composition, and influence of international capital flows; 3. sudden stops in capital flows and financial crises; 4. the domestic and multilateral response to crises, including the role of fiscal adjustment, external financing, and debt restructuring; 5. We will draw on several country case-studies and students will be encouraged to undertake short research assignments to deepen their own policy interests.

This course examines a range of infotech policy issues, including privacy, intellectual property, free speech, competition, regulation of broadcasting and telecommunications, cross-border and jurisdictional questions, broadband policy, spectrum policy, management of the Internet, computer security, education and workforce development, and research funding. Assignments consist of weekly reading, weekly writing assignments, and a final project. This course is suitable for students without any special technical background.

Economics is centrally concerned with models of human capital development, educational attainment, labor market dynamics, unemployment, labor turnover, job duration, wage setting institutions, the role of unions, human capital formation, the relationship between economic status and other aspects of well-being (including health). Economists are essential partners in the behavioral study of preferences and decision making, mobility and redistribution, and the institutions of industrial relations that govern the labor market.

A course required for and limited to students in the Joint Degree program in Social Policy. Two major areas of psychology make important contributions to the study of social policy and inequality. The first is social psychology, which focuses on inter-group relations, interpersonal perception, stereotyping, racism, aggression, justice and fairness. The second domain involves the fields of social-cognition, judgment and decision making, areas of research that study human information processing in a way that is not about individual differences, and often not social.

A course required for and limited to students in the Joint Degree program in Social Policy. Papers drafted in the year-long course SPI 590a,b,c,d must be revised and submitted to the workshop leader by August 20. Papers will be provided to an expert reader outside of the Princeton faculty, who is invited to join the seminar for sessions devoted to each student paper. Each student will present his/her own paper and simultaneously contribute written critiques of one another's papers. By the end of the term, students will be required to submit their papers for publication to a leading journal.

The workshop outlines federal legislative and regulatory changes to streamline the application process for Section 8 to ensure the benefit can help those who need it. The workshop would compare the eligibility requirements, administrative burden, and use of data of Section 8 relative to housing allowance programs in other industrialized countries. The workshop would also look at New York City's locally funded voucher program and the experience of the Emergency Housing Voucher Program (EHV) that Congress created through the American Rescue Plan Act. The deliverable would be a report to NYC Housing Preservation and Development.

In this workshop, led by Julio Guzman, students carry out an in-depth analysis of a specific Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with special attention to two subjects: (i) the national and cross-border welfare distributional effects and (ii) the available public policy options to maximize gains (complementary policies) and to minimize losses (compensatory policies). The analysis and policy recommendations should consider the short and long-term economic, social, and geo-political implications of the trade agreement. As part of the analysis, students discuss impacts on economic growth, employment, income, poverty, and migration.

Hydropolitics, specifically the process of deciding the share of water that Egypt and Ethiopia take from the Nile River, threatens to erupt in active conflict in the Nile Basin. Instability and active conflicts in the Horn of Africa and within Ethiopia complicate an-already fraught situation. The Workshop studies the complex issues that divide these states. A major focus is on water sharing and the prospect of a regional agreement as Ethiopia fills the Grand Renaissance Dam. We examine domestic strife in Ethiopia and Sudan as factors that complicate the process of reaching a water sharing agreement.

After Hurricane María, Puerto Rico approved the most aggressive renewable energy transition mandate in the United States. However, there are groups trying to retract these mandates. Multiple hurdles keep popping up from unionized workers at the fossil fuel burning plants; from fossil fuel vendors; from politicians supporting the existing centralized energy structure; and from bondholders and other creditors. Students explore and study each of these challenges, develop a road map with public policy alternatives and present their findings to U.S. Department of Energy officials in Washington DC.

The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (ACA) was the defining and polarizing law of the Obama era. While its provisions to expand health insurance coverage, control costs, and improve the health care delivery system have made measurable improvements in the health care system and the experience of consumers, many challenges remain with the law and its structure. The workshop focuses on the policy, operational and political challenges of the ACA and future coverage and delivery system reforms. A core focus is the role that states play in the management of their health care systems.

The South China Sea is home to the world's most complex and dangerous maritime dispute. For regional claimants Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, China, and Taiwan, the South China Sea is also a critical source of fish and energy. This policy workshop explores dynamics in the South China Sea, examining how to help regional claimants support their lawful rights and claims; and uses a combination of advanced tools, potentially including satellite imagery and ship-tracking capabilities, & detailed policy analysis of opportunities for deepening regional claimants' capabilities and cooperation.

There are over 27 million refugees worldwide. About 85 percent of these refugees live in poor and middle-income countries with low resources to dedicate to refugee integration. We are currently in conversations with two potential clients either in Turkey or Uganda that work with refugee populations. The final setting for the workshop will be decided based on (i) the feasibility of offering a solution to the client's problem given the timeline for the class, and (ii) the support the client can offer us on the ground. The final goal is to produce a report with concrete solutions that will be presented to the client by the end of the semester.

Ghana's population growth is marked by a significant demographic shift 'rapid urbanization' that began in 1984 and continues to this day. As such, there are many opportunities and challenges facing this coastal city. These include but are not limited to housing, infrastructure deficits and investments, informality, urban transportation, water and sanitation, climate adaptation and rising inequality. This policy workshop selects a sector of interest and an appropriate client in support of urban policy objectives that focus on enabling the global urban agenda for sustainable and inclusive urban development.

This course explores the emergence and consequences of global systemic risk, particularly in the governance of global flows of money, goods, and people. We focus on networks and complex adaptive systems as useful frames for studying globalization. We discuss standard theories of globalization and how these miss critical systemic attributes. We translate much of the debate about globalization into a broad map of interconnected networks. Case studies include the networked structure of global supply chains, the epidemiological considerations that emerge from increased international migration, and the global problems of climate change.

This course provides the intellectual foundations for policy students to understand race, power, and inequality issues in the United States, with some comparative international perspectives. We examine these and other issues of identity and inequities through various disciplines, including history, politics, psychology, sociology, economics, and natural sciences. We hope to highlight some possible solutions to the persistent problems of inequality and racial injustice in the U.S. and abroad.

This course will focus on the relationship between diplomacy and the design of foreign policy based on a few key cases. We will consider key aspects of this relationship--national interest, ethics, decision making, crisis management, economic policy, trade and investment, technology, intellectual property, and territorial rights. We will explore how presidents (or chief executives) and diplomats have crafted and utilized diplomatic tools to achieve foreign policy objectives. The course will rely on a few national case studies and draw from historical lessons and current policies.

Course aims to improve students' abilities to understand and critically evaluate public opinion polls and surveys, particularly as they are used to influence public policy. Course begins with an overview of contrasting perspectives on the role of public opinion in politics, then examines the evolution of public opinion polling in the US and other countries. Class visits a major polling operation to get a firsthand look at procedures used for designing representative samples and conducting surveys by telephone, mail and Internet.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the inequity of the digital divide into sharp relief. There is a broad understanding that policymakers need to invest in broadband access technology, home computing equipment, and educational training if they hope to make a difference. But there are open questions about what are effective strategies to pursue and how should governments measure impact. This seminar takes a deep dive into these pressing issues of equity and aims to have students develop actionable recommendations to share with policymakers.

Examines budgeting and finance at the state and local level of government. Topics include: budget structure and process; decision makers within the political and economic environment; debt, capital planning and bond financing; revenue structures supporting expenditures. Tax policy and associated tradeoffs between tax equity and efficiency and spending and program needs are also examined. Two case studies are utilized---one related to state and local tax policy and one related to budgetary decision-making.

This half-term course provides students with some of the basics of a legal education, focusing on the most relevant areas for public policy work. Topics include constitutional law, administrative law (with a focus on agency rulemaking), and statutory interpretation. Course is not open to students who are pursuing or already have a J.D.

Machine learning is a field at the intersection of statistics and computer science that uses algorithms to extract information and knowledge from data. Its applications increasingly find their way into social science problems and policy decisions. This course offers a brief introduction into this vast toolbox, illustrates its current uses in the social sciences and policy realm, and discusses the question of fairness and bias that algorithmic decision-making inevitably raises.

This course is designed as a practical introduction to the use of computer mapping (Geographic Information systems) for policy analysis and decision-making. Students learn ArcGIS through examples of map applications. Students are expected to complete exercises and a final project applying GIS to a policy issue.

This course examines international peace processes and mediation in a variety of conflicts, from Syria to Northern Ireland to South Sudan. It confronts technical and political questions that arise in international negotiations. What ingredients are necessary for a peace process to succeed? We examine the role of mediators, types and principles of mediation, mediation architecture, mandates and supporting institutions, the interests of 'stakeholders', and the political, moral and economic dilemmas faced in arresting violent conflict and facilitating transitions to sustainable peace.

This course focuses on the opportunities, constraints and roles of women in an increasingly interdependent economy. The class combines readings from both developed and developing country settings. Topics include: dynamics of fertility and household formation; labor market institutions--types of contracts, wage gaps and discrimination; intra-household allocation of resources and cash transfers; women's migration; education, STEM and stereotypes; violence; political and property rights.

This half-term course provides students an opportunity to explore some of the legal issues that must be considered as policymakers design and implement policies. It surveys some of the basics of a legal education, focusing on the most relevant areas for public policy work. Topics include constitutional law, administrative law (with a focus on agency rulemaking), and statutory interpretation. Course is not open to students who are pursuing or already have a JD.

In this course, we examine major US K-12 education policy reforms focusing on assessment and accountability including efforts to create common standards and common assessments, school accountability policy, and standardized testing. Each week, we anchor our analysis in federal, state, and district case studies of these policies in action.

This course uses the lens of reproductive justice to examine policy and politics around reproduction and family formation in the United States. The course explores the social, historical and cultural forces that shape reproduction, focusing on how inequalities based on gender, sexuality, race and ethnicity, class, and citizenship structure and influence reproductive opportunities and experiences. Topics include contraception and abortion, childbirth and maternity care, adoption and family policy, reproductive technology, eugenics, the maternal mortality crisis, and the role of law, medicine and activism in shaping contemporary reproduction.

This course examines the historical and contemporary literature on international migration, the policies that enable or impede cross-national migration, and the consequences for the sending and receiving states as well as the migrants themselves. Drawing on contemporary international evidence, students will consider classical and contemporary theories of immigrant adaptation, language acculturation, and ethnic conflict from comparative international evidence.

This course explores the professed and unspoken goals nations pursue with their health systems and the alternative economic and administrative structures different nations use to pursue those goals. The emphasis in the course will be on the industrialized world, although some time can be allocated later in the course to approaches used in the developing countries, if students in the course desire it.

This course is limited to students participating in the Scholars in the Nation's Service Initiative (SINSI), the Richard H. Ullman Fellowship, or an approved MPA middle year out. Enrolled students participate in one or more internships with a federal, state, or local government agency, non-governmental organization, or multilateral institution in the U.S. or overseas. The purpose is to provide a learning environment for students to use/develop quantitative and qualitative analytical skills in an active public policy setting, with oversight from Princeton University faculty and staff.